2026, Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A
Analysis of nonlinear distortion in diode-based clipping circuits
Author(s): Martín Alejandro Fernández
Abstract: Diode-based clipping circuits find extensive application in audio signal processing, waveform shaping, and overvoltage protection systems where controlled nonlinear distortion produces desired effects or prevents damage. This research presents comprehensive characterisation of harmonic distortion generated by clipping circuits employing silicon, germanium, Schottky, and LED diode types across varying input signal levels and frequencies [1]. The investigation quantifies total harmonic distortion, individual harmonic amplitudes, and intermodulation products through precision measurements using calibrated audio analysers and spectrum instrumentation. Silicon diodes (1N4148) exhibited sharp clipping transitions with forward voltage of 0.62 V, producing THD values ranging from 2.3% at threshold to 28.7% at full clipping conditions [2]. Germanium diodes (1N34A) demonstrated softer knee characteristics with 0.31 V forward voltage, yielding more gradual distortion onset preferred for musical applications. Schottky devices (1N5817) provided the lowest threshold at 0.24 V with intermediate distortion characteristics. LED-based clippers required significantly higher drive levels but produced unique harmonic signatures attributed to their different junction physics [3]. Spectral analysis revealed that soft clipping generates predominantly odd harmonics with rapid high-order rolloff, whilst hard clipping produces richer harmonic content extending to the eighth harmonic and beyond. Transfer characteristic measurements confirmed the exponential relationship between diode current and voltage that underlies observed distortion behaviour [4]. Temperature sensitivity analysis showed THD variations of ±1.8% across the 10-50°C range for silicon devices, with germanium types exhibiting greater thermal coefficient of ±3.2%. The research establishes quantitative guidelines for diode selection in applications requiring specific distortion characteristics [5].
DOI: 10.22271/27084531.2026.v7.i1a.109
Pages: 18-22 | Views: 21 | Downloads: 11
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How to cite this article:
Martín Alejandro Fernández. Analysis of nonlinear distortion in diode-based clipping circuits. Int J Res Circuits Devices Syst 2026;7(1):18-22. DOI: 10.22271/27084531.2026.v7.i1a.109
